Research evidence

Every now and then a helmet advocate will lay into me on Usenet, or some other forum, and start posting links to abstracts of pro-helmet studies. &quot;Read it!&quot; they say, &quot;It proves you are wrong!&quot;

For the avoidance of doubt, here is a more-or-less complete list of the helmet studies in my library. It is rather long. Ones marked [abstract only] are I have only notes or abstracts for. Some of them I also have subsidiary material or commentaries - anything up to five or six documents per study. Whatever, this is far from an exhaustive list of papers, but it does have most of the important ones.

Understand, having read a large pile of reports doesn't mean I am right, or even that I am entirely certain about anything much. It does mean that posting a particular link is unlikely to change my mind, especially if it's the Cochrane Conspiracy Collaboration report from CDC, Puget Sound team. And please, do us all a favour and don't post a link to the 1989 Seattle study or the BHIT website.

''Curnow, W.J., 2005. The Cochrane Collaboration and bicycle helmets''. 2005, Accid. Anal. Prev. 37 (3) 569-574. Australia bicycle ownership and use 2004. Australian Bicycle Council: - AUS Bicycle helmet use and preventing dental injury Chapman HR, Curran ALM. 2004. British Dental Journal: Br Dent J 2004; 196: 555-559 ''Bicycle helmets - does the dental profession have a role in promoting their use? ''Chapman HR, Curran ALM. 2004. British Dental Journal: BrDenJ 2004;196(9):555-560

Bicycle safety helmet legislation and bicycle-related non-fatal injuries in California Lee BH, Schofer JL, Koppelman FS. 2004. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention: 2004 ''Cycle Helmets and Simpsons Paradox: where are the casualty savings? ''Hewson PJ. 2004 Cycle helmets and contributory negligence Fulbrook J. 2004. Journal of Personal Injury Law: 2004 Headed for injury: observational survey of helmet use among children aged 5 to 14 Cody BE, Quraishi AY, Mickalide AD. 2004. National Safe Kids Campaign Legislation for the compulsory wearing of cycle helmets BMA Science Committee, 2004. BMA Making cycle helmets compulsory: ethical arguments for legislation Sheikh A, Cook A, Ashcroft R. 2004. J R Soc Med: J R Soc Med 2004;97:262-265 Motorcycle rider conspicuity and crash related injury: case-control study Wells S, Mullin B, Norton R, Langley J, Connor J,Lay-Yee R,Jackson R. 2004. BMJ: BMJ 2004;328:857 On balance, cycle helmets do not show the benefits Keatinge R. 2004. Irish Medical Times: Aug 2004

Protective Headgear for Young Cyclists Bill  Hansard House of Commons research paper: 04/29 Poole F. 2004. Risk compensation in children’s activities: A pilot study Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless B. 2004. Paediatr Child Health: Vol 9 No 5 May/June 2004 Road safety - motorcycle helmets World Health Organisation. 2004 <li>Road safety advocacy Breen J. 2004. BMJ: BMJ 2004;328:888-90 <li>Road traffic injury prevention Pless H. 2004. BMJ: BMJ 2004;328:846 <li>Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists: review and Australian data Robinson DL. 2004. Health Promotion Journal of Australia <li>Specific patterns of bicycle accident injuries - An analysis of correlation between level of head trauma and trauma mechanism Möllman FT, Rieger B, Wassmann H. 2004. DGNC Köln

<li>Storing up problems - The medical case for a slimmer nation 2004. Royal College of Physicians <li>The effect of bicycle helmet legislation on bicycling fatalities Grant D, Rutner SM. 2004. Journal of Public Policy: Vol 23, issue 23, June 2004 <li>War on the roads: two years on Roberts I, Abbasi K. 2004. BMJ: BMJ 2004;328:845 <li>World report on road traffic injury prevention World Health Organisation. 2004 <li>Advances in medical technology account for a third of the reduction in road traffic deaths Dobson R. 2003. BMJ: 2003; 326:1004 <li>Bicycle crashes and injuries in Western Australia 1987 - 2000 Meuleners LB, Gavin AL, Cercarelli LR. 2003. University of Western Australia: RR131 <li>Bicycle helmet assessment during well visits reveals severe shortcomings in condition and fit Parkinson GW, Hike KE. 2003. Pediatrics: 2003, Vol 112, Iss 2, pp 320-3 <li>''Bicycle helmet campaigns and head injuries among children. Does poverty matter? ''Farley C, Laflamme L, Vaez M. 2003. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health: 2003;57:668-672 <li>Bicycle-related head injuries plummet Dunleavy N. 2003. CMAJ: CMAJ May 13, 2003; 168 (10)

<li>Born to be wild Stolzenberg L, D'Alessio S. 2003. Evaluation Review: 2003; 27(2): 131-150 <li>Costs and benefits of the New Zealand helmet laws Robinson DL. 2003 <li>Cycle helmet wearing in 2002 Gregory K, Inwood C, Sexton B. 2003. TRL: Report TRL578 <li>Cycle helmets - time for legislation Lee AJ, Mann MP. 2003. Archives of Disease in Childhood: 2003;88:465-466 <li>Cyclist and pedestrian casualties in Edinburgh 1980 - 2000 Wardlaw M. 2003 <li>Edinburgh Cyclist and Pedestrian Casualties 1981 - 2001 Wardlaw M. 2003 <li>Effekter av åtgärder för ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning (Effects of measures for increased bicycle helemt use: a review of research) Nolén S, Lindqvist K. 2003. VTI: report 487 <li>Harrison v Mills (Court Report) 2003 <li>Helmet design flaw may put cyclists at risk Hamer M, Depreitere B. 2003. New Scientist: 9 Aug 2003

<li>Ontario Trauma Registry 2003 Report: Injury Hospitalizations Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2003. Canadian Institute for Health Information <li>Protective effect of different types of bicycle helmets Hansen KS, Engesaeter LB, Viste A. 2003. Traffic Inj Prev: 2003; 4(4): 285-290 <li>Reassessing bicycle helmet impact protection Mills NJ, Gilchrist A. 2003. IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of impacts: p15-26 ISBN 2951421044 <li>Report to the Nation: Trends in unintentional childhood injury mortality, 1987 - 2002 Wallis AL, Cody BE, Mickalide AD. 2003. National Safe Kids Campaign <li>Review of deaths in England &amp; Wales 2002 . 2003. Office for National Statistics: DH2 no 29 <li>Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling Jacobsen PL. 2003. Injury Prevention: 2003;9:205-209 <li>Severe traffic injuries to children, Trent, 1992-7: time trend analysis Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J, Kendrick D, Groom L, Cross E, Savelyich B. 2003. BMJ: 2003;327;593-594 <li>The efficacy of bicycle helmets against brain injury Curnow WJ. 2003. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 2003,35:287-292

<li>Trauma to adult bicyclists: a growing problem in the urban environment Rosenkranz KM, Sheridan RL. 2003. Injury, Int J Care Injured: 34(2003) 825-829 <li>Trends in serious head injuries among English cyclists and pedestrians Cook A, Sheikh A. 2003. Injury Prevention: 2003;9:266-267 <li>Use of bicycle helmets in the Netherlands 2003. SWOV: Research Activities 22, Jun 03 <li>Valoración del efecto del uso de casco en los ciclistas sobre el riesgo de sufrir lesiones craneales y de morir en España, entre 1990 y 1999 (An assessment of the effect of helmet use among cyclists and the risk of head injury and death in Spain,1990 to 1999) Claret PL, del Castillo JDL, Moleon JJJ, Martin MG, Cavaillas AB, Vargas RG. 2003. Medicina Clinica: 2003; 120(30: 85-88 <li>A changing pattern of injuries to horse riders Moss PS, Wan A, Whitlock MR. 2002. Emergency Medicine Journal: 2002 Sep;19(5):412-4 <li>A national study of traumatic brain injury and wheel-related sports Cody BE, O’Toole ML, Mickalide AD, Paul HP. 2002. National Safe Kids Campaign <li>Assessing the actual risks faced by cyclists Wardlaw MJ. 2002. Traffic Engineering + Control: Dec 2002 p352-356 <li>Bicycle 'Helmet Wars': Fact, Fiction and Moving Forward Wren J. 2002. ChainLinks: 4 July 2002 <li>Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. 2002. Department for Transport: Road Safety Research Report 30

<li>Butting heads over bicycle helmets LeBlanc JC, DeMarco TJ. 2002. CMAJ: CMAJ AUG 20, 2002; 167 (4) <li>CWU and Royal Mail agree joint cycle helmet trial . 2002. CWU newsletter <li>Development of a Swedish bicycle helmet promotion programme--one decade of experiences Svanstrom L, Welander G, Ekman R, Schelp L. 2002. Health Promot Internation: 2002 Jun;17(2):161-9 [abstract only] <li>Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets LeBlanc JC, Beattie TL, Culligan C. 2002. Canadian Medical Association Journal: CMAJ 2002;166(5): p592-5 <li>Effects of state helmet laws on bicycle helmet use by children and adolescents Rodgers GB. 2002. Injury Prevention: 2002;8:42-46 <li>Hats off (or not?) to helmet legislation Chipman ML. 2002. Canadian Medical Association Journal: CMAJ 2002;166(5): p602 <li>Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. 2002. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: issue 4, 2002 <li>Impact of Mandatory Helmet Legislation on Bicycle-Related Head Injuries in Children: A Population-Based Study Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. 2002. Pediatrics: 2002; 110(5):e60 <li>Influence of safety gear on parental perceptions of injury risk and tolerance for children’s risk taking Morrongiello BA, Major K. 2002. Injury Prevention: 2002;8:27-31

<li>Latest CPSC helmet standard and US fatality trends Kunich TH. 2002. OCBC <li>''New Zealand bicycle helmet law-do the costs outweigh the benefits? ''Taylor M, Scuffham P. 2002. Injury Prevention: 2002;8:317-320 <li>Preventing accidental injury - priorities for action  2002. Department of Health <li>Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. 2002. Injury Prevention: Inj Prev 2002;8 <li>State level estimates of the incidence and economic burden of head injuries stemming from non-universal use of bicycle helmets Schulman J, Sacks J, Provenzano G. 2002. Injury Prevention: 2002;8:47-52 <li>The prevention of childhood injury Towner E. 2002. Accidental Injury Task Force <li>The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets Adams J, Hillman M. 2002. Injury Prevention: Inj Prev 2002;8 <li>Trends in head injury mortality among 0 - 14 year olds in Scotland (1986-95) Williamson LM, Morrison A, Stone DH. 2002. J Epidemiol Community Health: 2002;56;285-288

<li>Vehicular cycling Franklin J. 2002. Traffic Engineering + Control: Apr 2002 p146-148 <li>War on the roads Roberts I, Mohan D, Abbasi K. 2002. BMJ: BMJ 2002; 324: 1107-1108 <li>A Bicycling Mystery: Head Injuries Piling Up Barnes JE. 2001. New York Times: 29 Jul 2001 <li>An analysis of common causes of injury associated with bicycle accidents in under sixteens Lee A, Takriti R. 2001. Bicycle Helmet Initiative Trust <li>Barriers to bicycle helmet use Finnoff JT, Laskowski ER, Altman KL, Diehl NN. 2001. Pediatrics: Vol. 108 No. 1 July 2001 <li>Bicycle helmet efficacy: a meta-analysis Attewell RG, Glase K, McFadden M. 2001. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention: 2001-05 v33 n3 p345-52 <li>Bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren-the influence of parental involvement and children's attitudes Berg P, Westerling R. 2001. Injury Prevention: 2001;7:218-222 <li>Bicycle-Related Injuries Thompson M, Rivara FP. 2001. American Family Physician: 2001 v63 n10 p2007-14

<li>''Bicycle-related injuries among the elderly--a new epidemic? ''Ekman R, Welander G, Svanstrom L, Schelp L, Santesson P. 2001. Public Health: 2001 Jan;115(1):38-43 [abstract only] <li>Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law Robinson DL. 2001. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention: 2001 Sep;33(5):687-91 <li>Contributory negligence: court finds against with respect to helmet use Brown (Judge). 2001. Current Law: Oct Digest 2001:386 p125 <li>Cycle helmet performance in the real world Franklin J. 2001 <li>Cycle helmet wearing in 1999 Bryan-Brown K, Christie N. 2001. TRL: Report 487 <li>Cyclist deaths due to head injuries, England &amp; Wales, 1979 - 1999 2001. National Statistician <li>Cyclist fatalities in Canada 1975 to 1999: Helmet effect undetectable Burdett A. 2001. OCBC

<li>''Do Football Helmets Reduce Acceleration of Impact in Blunt Head Injuries? ''Lewis LM, Naunheim R, Standeven J, Lauryssen C, Richter C, Jeffords B. 2001. Academic Emergency Medicine: Volume 8, Number 6 604-609 [abstract only] <li>Effectiveness of headgear in a pilot study of under 15 rugby union football McIntosh AS, McCrory P. 2001. Br J Sports Med: 2001; 35:167-169 [abstract only] <li>Helmet use by young cyclists and its determinants Schlittmeier S. 2001. ZEUS Gmbh for Velo City 2001 [abstract only] <li>Improved shock absorbing liner for helmets Morgan DE, Szabo LS. 2001. Australian Transport Safety Bureau <li>Lokal &quot;Cykelhjälmslag&quot; i Motala Nolén S, Lindqvist K. 2001. VTI: rapport 459 <li>Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to cycling Macpherson AK, Parkin PC, To TM. 2001. Injury Prevention: Inj Prev 2001;7:228-230 <li>Reducing at-work road traffic incidents 2001. HMSO: ISBN 0 7176 2239 8

<li>''Safety in numbers? A new dimension to the bicycle helmet controversy ''Komanoff C. 2001. Injury Prevention: 2001;7:343-344 <li>Stepping stones to a better cycling future Wardlaw MJ. 2001. CTC/CCN Cycle Planning Conference, October 2001 <li>The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets Adams J, Hillman M. 2001. Injury Prevention: 2001;7 p89-9 <li>Use of protective equipment by in-line skaters: an observational study Beirness DJ, Foss RD, Desmond KJ. 2001. Injury Prevention: 2001-03 v7 n1 p51-5 <li>What works in preventing unintentional injuries in children and young adolescents Towner E, Dowswell T, Mackereth C, Jarvis S. 2001. Health Development Agency <li>A hospital led promotion campaign aimed to increase bicycle helmet wearing among children aged 11-15 living in West Berkshire 1992-98 Lee AJ, Mann NP, Takriti R. 2000. Injury Prevention: 2000;6:151-153 <li>All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. 2000. Arch Intern Med: 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1621-8 <li>Bicycle and bicycle helmet use patterns in the United States in 1998 Rodgers GB. 2000. Journal of Safety Research: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 149-158, 2 <li>Bicycle helmet use in British Columbia Foss RD, Beirness DJ. 2000. UNC Highway Safety Research Center; Traffic Injury Research Foundation

<li>Bicycle helmets and injury prevention: a formal review Attewell RG, Glase K, McFadden M. 2000. Australian Transport Safety Bureau: Report CR195 <li>Bicycle helmets: it's time to use them Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. 2000. BMJ: 2000 v321 p1035-6 <li>Cycle helmets - a review of the evidence Young E. 2000. Cambridgeshire Health Authority <li>Cycling safety: injury prevention in Oxford cyclists McGuire L, Smith N. 2000. Injury Prevention: 2000;6:285-287 <li>Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: prospective cohort study Thornhill S, Teasdale GM, Murray GD, McEwen J, Roy CW, Penny KI. 2000. BMJ: 2000 v320 p1631-5 <li>Exploration of barriers to bicycle helmet use among 12 and 13 year old children Loubeau PR. 2000. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 2000 Jan;32(1):111-5 [abstract only] <li>Football helmets useless McCrory P. 2000. Sports Medicine Australia: Media Release, 8.3.2000 <li>Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law Scuffham P, Alsop J, Cryer C, Langley JD. 2000. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 2000 Jul;32(4):565-73 <li>Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (critique) Robinson DL. 2000

<li>Population preventable fraction of bicycle related head injuries Kopjar B. 2000. Injury Prevention: 2000;6:235-238 <li>Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Clarke DA, Geary RR. 2000 <li>Promoting safe walking and cycling Gaarder P, Leden L. 2000. Nordic Road &amp; Transport Research: 2000-12 v12 n3 p12-5 [abstract only] <li>Reexamining FARS Bike Helmet Data Geary RR. 2000. Institute for Traffic Safety Analysis <li>Still more on helmets: setting an example Pless IB. 2000. Injury Prevention: 2000;6:75-79 <li>The effectiveness of cycle helmets Franklin J. 2000 <li>Three lessons for a better cycling future Wardlaw MJ. 2000. BMJ: 2000-12-23/30 n321 p1582-5 <li>Trends in cyclist casualties in Britain with increasing cycle helmet use Franklin J. 2000

<li>Trends in serious head injuries among cyclists in England: analysis of routinely collected data Cook A, Sheikh A. 2000. BMJ: 2000 v321 p1055 <li>Venting spleen: helmet legislation Pless IB. 2000. Injury Prevention: 2000;6:1-3 <li>''What do cyclists think about using helmets - a literature survey? [translation] ''Nolén S. 2000. VTI: Rapport 429 - S [abstract only] <li>A comparison of the effect of different bicycle helmet laws in 3 New York City suburbs Puder DR, Visintainer P, Spitzer D, Casal D. 1999. Am J Public Health: 1999 Nov;89(11):1736-8 [abstract only] <li>A different route to health: implications of transport policies Dora C. 1999. BMJ: 1999 v318 p1686-9 <li>After Recent Death, CPSC Warns Against Wearing Bike Helmets on Playgrounds Giles K. 1999. US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC): Press release 22 Feb 1999 <li>An Economic Evaluation of the Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Legislation in Western Australia Hendrie D, Legge M, Rosman D, Kirov C. 1999. Road Accident Prevention Research Unit, University of Western Australia <li>Bicycle injuries in Western Sweden: a comparison between counties Welander G, Ekman R, Svanstrom L, Schelp L, Karlsson A. 1999. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1999 Jan-Mar;31(1-2):13-9 [abstract only] <li>Cycle Helmets . 1999. BMA Board of Science and Education: ISBN 0-7279-1430-8

<li>Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand Povey LJ, Frith WJ, Graham PG. 1999. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention: 1999 Nov;31(6):763-70 <li>Cycle helmets should not be compulsory Carnall D. 1999. BMJ: 1999 v318 p1505 <li>Cyclist without a helmet wins case despite RoSPA report Braithwaite B. 1999. Bill Braithwaite QC: Press release <li>''Do helmets save lives? ''Walker E. 1999. Guardian: 15 Jun 1999 <li>Estudio sobre accidentes de ciclistas en carretera . 1999. Ministerio del Interior, Spain: <li>Fit of bicycle safety helmets and risk of head injuries in children Rivara FP, Astley SJ, Clarren SK, Thompson DC &amp; RS. 1999. Injury Prevention: 1999;5:194-197 <li>Prevalence of cycle helmet use in children Mulle M, Turnbull J, Glasper EA. 1999. Paediatr Nurs: 1999 Feb;11(1):27-30 [abstract only]

<li>Systematic review of the relationship between childhood injury and socio-economic status MacKay M, Reid DC, Moher D, Klassen T. 1999. Health Canada: <li>The circumstances and scope for prevention of maxillofacial injuries in cyclists Harrison MG, Shepherd JP. 1999. Journal Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh: J.R.Coll.Surg.Edinb., 44; 2:82 <li>The effectiveness of cycle helmets RoSPA. 1999. RoSPA: <li>Under representation of morbidity from paediatric bicycle accidents by official statistics-a need for data collection in the accident and emergency department Leonard PA, Beattie TF, Gorman DR. 1999. Injury Prevention: 1999;5:303-304 <li>Urban and rural patterns of bicycle helmet use: factors predicting usage Koop VL, Moffatt MEK, Harlos S, Warda L, Buchan N, Klassen TP. 1999. Injury Prevention: 1999;5:183-188 <li>Bicycle helmet promotion among low income preschool children Britt J, Silver I, Rivara FP. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:280-283 <li>Bicycle helmet usage in urban areas August - September 1998 [translation] Lindahl E. 1998. Vaegverket: 1998 n1998:95 36 [abstract only] <li>Bicycle injuries: road trauma is not the only concern Jacobson GA, Blizzard L, Dwyer T. 1998. Austr NZ J Public Health: 1998 Jun;22(4):451-5. <li>Bicycle injury hospitalisations and deaths in Western Australia 1981-1995 Somerford P, Pinder T, Valuri G, Price S, Stevens M. 1998. Health Department of Western Australia: ISBN:0-7307-3810-8

<li>Bicycle safety behavior in Paris and Boston Osberg JS, Stiles SC, Asare OK. 1998. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1998 Sep;30(5):679-87 [abstract only] <li>''Compulsory self protection on roads: gain or harm to society? ''Curnow WJ. 1998. Current Affairs Bulletin: 1998;74(6) Apr/May <li>Cycle helmet ownership and wearing; results of a survey in South Staffordshire Wardle S, Iqbal Z. 1998. Journal of Public Health Medicine: 1998 Mar;20(1):70-7 [abstract only] <li>Cycle helmet safety standards Walker B. 1998. Head Protection Evaluations: <li>''Cycle helmets and the prevention of injuries. Recommendations for competitive sport. ''Thompson DC, Patterson MQ. 1998. Sports Medicine: 1998 Apr;25(4):213-9 <li>Development and validation of a bicycle helmet FE model Willinger R, Diaw B, Baumgartner D. 1998. 1998 IRCOBI Conference, Sweden: 1998 p549-51 [abstract only] <li>Encouraging children to use cycle helmets Clayton M. 1998. Paediatr Nurs: 1998 Apr;10(3):1 [abstract only] <li>Epidemiology of bicycle injury, head injury, and helmet use among children in British Columbia: a five year descriptive study Linn S, Smith D, Sheps S. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:122-125 <li>Evaluation of a bicycle skills training program for young children: a randomized controlled trial Macarthur C, Parkin PC, Sidky M, Wallace W. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:116-121

<li>Get a head start . 1998. Which?: 1998-10 p28-31 <li>Has the wearing of cycling helmets reduced head injuries [translation] Olkkonen S. 1998. Liikenneturvan tutkimusmoniteita: 1998 n80 18p [abstract only] <li>Helmet laws and health Robinson DL, Acton CH. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:170-172 <li>Helmets for cars would save lives Perry N. 1998. The Dominion: 29 Oct 1998 <li>Impact of a theory based intervention to increase bicycle helmet use in low income children Hendrickson SG, Becker H. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:126-131 <li>Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. 1998. J Paediatric Surgery: 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21 <li>Implementation of injury prevention for children and young people Pless B, Towner E, Carter Y, Hayes M. 1998. Injury Prevention supplement: 1998-12 v4 n4 ps26-s33 [abstract only] <li>Improving bicycle safety . 1998. European Cyclists Federation: <li>Influence of travel patterns on mortality from injury among teenagers in England and Wales, 1985­95 DiGuiseppi CG, Leah L, Roberts I. 1998. BMJ: 1998 v316 p904-5

<li>Motor vehicle related injuries among American Indian and Alaskan Native youth, 1981-92: analysis of a national hospital discharge database Quinlan KP, Wallace LJD, Furner SE, Brewer RD, Bolen J, Schieber RA. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:276-279 <li>Pedal cycle helmet effectiveness: a field study of pedal cycle accidents McIntosh A, Dowdell B, Svensson N. 1998. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1998 Mar;30(2):161-8 [abstract only] <li>Prevention of bicycle related injuries: helmets, education and legislation Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Patterson MQ, Thompson RS. 1998. Annu.Rev.Public Health: 1998. 19:293-318. [abstract only] <li>Prevention of head injuries to car occupants: an investigation of interior padding options McLean AJ, Fildes BN, Kloeden CN, Digges KH, Anderson RWG, Moore VM. 1998. Federal Office of Road Safety: Report CR160 [abstract only] <li>Protective headwear for car occupants . 1998. Commonwealth Dept of Transport: D2/98 [abstract only] <li>Rates of, and the factors affecting, cycle helmet use among secondary schoolchildren in East Sussex and Kent Cryer PC, Cole J, Davidson LL, Rahman M, Ching V, Goodall JB. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:106-110 <li>School based bicycle safety education and bicycle injuries in children: a case-control study Carlin JB, Taylor P, Nolan T. 1998. Injury Prevention: 1998;4:22-27 <li>Ten years of bicycle helmet usage in Sweden [translation] Nolen S. 1998. VTI Meddelande: 1998 n844 27p+app [abstract only] <li>Bike speed measurements in a recreational population: validity of self reported speed Thompson DC, Rebolledo V, Thompson RS, Kaufman A, Rivara FP. 1997. Injury Prevention: 1997 Mar;3(1):43-5 [abstract only]

<li>''Can a combination of local, regional and national information substantially increase bicycle-helmet wearing and reduce injuries? Experiences from Sweden ''Ekman R, Schelp L, Welander G, Svanstrom L. 1997. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1997 May;29(3):321-8 [abstract only] <li>Cycle helmet wearing in 1996 Bryan-Brown K, Taylor S. 1997. TRL: <li>Damage to bicycle helmets involved with crashes Ching RP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Thomas DJ, Chilcott WC, Rivara FP. 1997. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1997 Sep;29(5):555-62 [abstract only] <li>''Does sharing the cost of a bicycle helmet help promote helmet use? ''Kim AN, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD. 1997. Injury Prevention: 1997 3: 38-42 [abstract only] <li>Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. 1997. Injury Prevention: 1997 3: 110-114 <li>Exercise and heart disease: cardiac findings in fatal cycle accidents Kennedy A. 1997. Br Journal of Sports Medicine: 1997 Dec; 31(4):328-331 <li>Facial protection conferred by cycle safety helmets: use of digitized image processing to develop a new nondestructive test Harrison M, Shepherd JP. 1997. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection &amp; Critical Care: 1997 Jul;43(1):78-82 [abstract only] <li>Helmet wearing and cyclist safety Federal Office of Road Safety. 1997. Federal Office of Road Safety: Monograph 19

<li>Influence of changing travel patterns on child death rates from injury: trend analysis DiGuiseppi CG, Roberts I, Li L. 1997. BMJ: BMJ 1997;314:710 <li>Injuries involving off-road cycling Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rebolledo V. 1997. J Fam Pract: 1997 May;44(5):481-5 [abstract only] <li>National hospital study of road accident casualties Simpson HF. 1997. TRL: Report 272 [abstract only] <li>Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use Scuffham PA, Langley JD. 1997. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1997 Jan;29(1):1-9 [abstract only] <li>''What are the principal causes of accidents with bicyclists? ''. 1997. SWOV: Research Activities 7, Mar 97 <li>A community based approach to bicycle helmet use counts Becker LR, Mandell MB, Wood K, Schmidt ER, O'Hara F. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 283-285 [abstract only] <li>Attitudes to cycle helmets - a qualitative study Halliday, White, Finch, Ward. 1996. TRL: Report 154 [abstract only] <li>Bicycle helmet use Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 304a

<li>Bicycle helmet use among American children, 1994 Sacks JJ, Kresnow M, Houston B, Russell J. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 258-262 [abstract only] <li>Bicycle helmet use patterns among children Rodgers GB. 1996. Pediatrics: 1996 Feb;97(2):166-73 [abstract only] <li>''Bicycle helmets - are they up to standard? ''Pedder J. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 250-251 [abstract only] <li>Bicycle helmets reduce head injuries and should be worn by all Vulcan P, Lane J. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 251-252<font color="#FF0000"> <li>Children and cycle helmets -- the case against McCarthy M. 1996. Child Care Health Dev: 1996 Mar;22(2):105-11 [abstract only] <li>Children and cycle helmets: the case for Sibert JR. 1996. Child Care Health Dev: 1996 Mar;22(2):99-103 [abstract only] <li>Circumstances and severity of bicycle injuries Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. 1996. Snell Memorial Foundation: <li>Correlation between bicycle helmet damage and head injuries Rivara FP. 1996. 3rd International Conference on Injury Prevention: [abstract only]

<li>Cycle helmet laws - facts, figures and consequences Robinson DL. 1996. Velo Australis: <li>Cycle helmet wearing in Great Britain Taylor, Halliday. 1996. TRL: R156 <li>''Cycle helmets--when is legislation justified? ''Unwin NC. 1996. J Med Ethics: 1996 Feb;22(1):41-5 [abstract only] <li>''Cycle helmets: fit to buy or bought to fit? ''McCool J. 1996. 3rd International Conference on Injury Prevention: [abstract only] <li>''Cycle helmets: promotion or legislation? ''Docking P. 1996. Accid Emerg Nurs: 1996 Jan;4(1):34-7 [abstract only] <li>Cycling accidents facts and figures . 1996. RoSPA <li>Cycling accidents: facts and figures . 1996. RoSPA:[abstract only] <li>Effective health care - preventing unintentional injuries in children and young adolescents . 1996. Nuffield Institute for Health: 1996;2(5) <li>Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries: a case-control study Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. 1996. JAMA: 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1968-73

<li>Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. 1996. JAMA: 1996a;276(24):1974-1975 <li>Evidence shows that cyclists should wear helmets Davis R, Pless B. 1996. BMJ: 1996 v313 p629 [abstract only] <li>Fractures caused by bicycling Delahunty A, Nash P, McCabe M, Allen H. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 304b [abstract only]<font color="#FF0000"> <li>Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws Robinson DL. 1996. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention: 1996 Jul;28(4):463-75 <li>''Increasing bicycle helmet effectiveness: what changes are needed? ''Thompson DC. 1996. 3rd International Conference on Injury Prevention: [abstract only] <li>Invloed kwaliteit fiets op ongevallen Schoon, Ing CC. 1996. SWOV: Report R-96-32 [abstract only] <li>''Is there any reliable evidence that helmet legislation works? ''Robinson B. 1996. Velo Australis:

<li>Position of physicians concerning a bicycle helmet law DeMarco T, Larrivée L, Mayhew M. 1996. Vélo Québec: [abstract only] <li>''Purchasing a cycle helmet: are retailers providing adequate advice? ''Plumridge E, McCool J, Chetwynd J, Langley JD. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 41-43 [abstract only] <li>Regaining balance in injury prevention Perry. 1996. 3rd International Conference on Injury Prevention: [abstract only] <li>Teenagers' attitudes towards bicycle helmets three years after the introduction of mandatory wearing Finch CF. 1996. Injury Prevention: 1996 2: 126-130 [abstract only] <li>The effects of bicycling helmets in preventing significant bicycle-related injuries in children Finvers KA, Strother RT, Mohtadi N. 1996. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine: 1996 Apr;6(2):102-7 <li>The efficacy of bicycle helmet laws Robinson DL. 1996. [draft only]: <li>The pattern of injury in fatal pedal cycle accidents and the possible benefits of cycle helmets Kennedy A. 1996. British Journal of Sports Medicine: 1996 Jun;30(2):130-3 <li>A review of educational and legislative strategies to promote bicycle helmets Graitcer PL, Kellermann AL, Christoffel T. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 122-129 [abstract only]<font color="#FF0000">

<li>''Bicycle helmet use patterns in the United States. A description and analysis of national survey data ''Rodgers GB. 1995. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1995 Feb;27(1):43-56 [abstract only] <li>''Bicycle ownership, use, and injury patterns among elementary schoolchildren. 1971 ''Waller JA. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 256-261 [abstract only] <li>''Child helmets - a strangulation risk? ''WHO Helmet Initiative. 1995. World Health Organisation: <li>Children and bicycles Avery JG. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 204 [abstract only]<font color="#FF0000"> <li>''Children and bicycles: what is really happening? Studies of fatal and non-fatal bicycle injury ''Acton CH, Thomas S, Nixon JW, Clark R, Pitt WR, Battistutta D. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 86-91 [abstract only] <li>''Cycling to school--a significant health risk? ''Kopjar B, Wickizer TM. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 238-241 [abstract only] <li>Evaluation of the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria during its First Four Years Carr D, Dyte D, Cameron MH. 1995. Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 76 [abstract only] <li>Head injuries in helmeted child bicyclists (1) Grimard G, Nolan T, Carlin JB. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 21-25 [abstract only]

<li>Head injuries in helmeted child bicyclists (2) Acton CH. 1995. Injury Prevention: 1995 1: 130<font color="#FF0000"> <li>The cost-effectiveness of compulsory bicycle helmets in New Zealand Hansen P, Scuffham PA. 1995. Aust J Public Health: 1995 Oct;19(5):450-4 <li>The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a review Henderson M. 1995. Motor Accidents Authority of NSW: <li>Bicyclist Head Injuries in Victoria Three Years after the Introduction of Mandatory Helmet Use Newstead SV, Cameron MH, Gantzer S, Finch CF. 1994. Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 75 [abstract only] <li>Children's perceptions of cycling and cycle helmets Donelly T. 1994. Blackpool Health Promotion Unit: [abstract only] <li>Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. 1994. BMJ: 1994;308:173-176 <li>Head injuries in bicycling and informal recreation Baker S. 1994. Snell Foundation: <li>Injury patterns in cyclists attending an accident and emergency department: a comparison of helmet wearers and non-wearers Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR. 1994. BMJ: 1994 Jun 11;308(6943):1537-40

<li>International literature review of cycle helmets Royles. 1994. TRL: PR76 [abstract only] <li>''Preventing child pedestrian injury: pedestrian education or traffic calming? ''Roberts I, Ashton T, Dunn R, Lee-Joe T. 1994. Aust J Public Health: 1994 Jun;18(2):209-12 [abstract only] <li>The Seattle children's bicycle helmet campaign: changes in helmet use and head injury admissions Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rogers LW, Alexander B, Felix D, Bergman AB. 1994. Pediatrics: 1994 Apr;93(4):567-9 [abstract only] <li>A biomechanical study of bicycle helmets' effectiveness in childhood Benz G, McIntosh A, Kallieris D, Daum R. 1993. Eur J Pediatr Surg: 1993 Oct;3(5):259-63 [abstract only] <li>An Observational Survey of Law Compliance and Helmet Wearing by Bicyclists in New South Wales - 1993 Smith NC, Milthorpe MW. 1993. NSW Roads &amp; Traffic Authority: ISBN0-7305-9110-7 [abstract only] <li>Cost-effectiveness analysis of bicycle helmet subsidies in a defined population Thompson RS, Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Salazar AA. 1993. Pediatrics: 1993 May;91(5):902-7 [abstract only] <li>Cycle helmet wearing in teenagers Joshi, Beckett, Macfarlane. 1993. Oxford Brookes University: [abstract only] <li>Cycle helmets: the case for and against Hillman M. 1993. Policy Studies Institute: ISBN [abstract only]

<li>Don't kill the goose that lays the golden egg Demaco T. 1993. CMAJ:<font color="#FF0000"> [abstract only] <li>Injuries to pedal cyclists resulting in death and hospitalisation Collins BA, Langley JD, Marshall SW. 1993. NZ Medical Journal: 1993 Dec 8;106(969):514-6 [abstract only] <li>Promoting helmets: a guide for community groups . 1993. RoSPA: <li>Promoting helmets: a guide for the retail trade . 1993. RoSPA: <li>The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a study of 1710 casualties McDermott FT, Lane JC, Brazenore GA, Debney EA. 1993. Journal of Trauma: 1993; 34(6):834-845 <li>''Do cycle helmets prevent serious head injury? ''McCarthy M, Illingworth C. 1992. BMJ: 1992 v305 p881-3 <li>The great helmet debate Cleary J, Hughes T. 1992. Bicycle Magazine: <li>A prospective analysis of injury severity among helmeted and non helmeted bicyclists involved in collisions with motor vehicles Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. 1991. Journal of Trauma: 1991 Nov;31(11):1510-6.

<li>Regulation vs. the Market: The Case of Bicycle Safety Petty RD. 1991. : <li>A case-control study on the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. 1990. American Journal of Public Health: 1990; 80(12):1471-1474 <li>Cycle helmet ownership in a birth cohort of children Lloyd M, Fergusson DM. 1990. NZ Medical Journal: 1990 Sep 26;103(898):456-7 <li>Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists Wasserman RC, Buccini RV. 1990. American Journal of Sports Medicine: 1990 Jan-Feb;18(1):96-7 <li>Impact, skid and retention tests on a representative group of bicycle helmets to determine their head/neck protective characteristics Hodgson VR. 1990. Wayne State University Department of Neurosurgery: <li>Incidence of bicycle-related injuries in a defined population Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. 1990. Am J Public Health: 1990 Nov;80(11):1388-90 [abstract only] <li>Protective capability of bicycle helmets Mills NJ. 1990. Br J Sports Med: 1990 Mar;24(1):55-60 [abstract only] <li>Soft shell versus hard shell helmets Swart R. 1990. Cycling Science: <li>A case control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. 1989. New England Journal of Medicine: 1989 v320 n21 p1361-7

<li>BS6863 Pedal cyclists' helmets . 1989. British Standards Institution: BS6863 <li>''Bicycle helmet use by children. Evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign ''DiGuiseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD, Polissar L. 1989. J Amer Med Assoc: 262:2256-61 <li>Cyclists' helmets . 1989. RoSPA: <li>Hard facts about bicycle helmets Swart R. 1989. Cycling Science: <li>Ontario health survey 1989 . 1989. Ontario Head Injury Association: <li>Pedal cycle accidents - a hospital based study Mills P. 1989. TRL: RR220 <li>Urban trauma: an analysis of 1,116 paediatric cases Chan BS, Walker PJ, Cass DT. 1989. J Trauma: 1989 Nov;29(11):1540-7 [abstract only] <li>''Bicycle helmets: how effective are they in real accidents? ''Morfey C. 1988. University of Southampton: <li>Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. 1988. American Journal of Public Health: 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1

<li>Head injuries, helmets, cycle lanes, and cyclists Simpson AH, Unwin PS, Nelson IW. 1988. BMJ (Clin Res Ed): 1988 Apr 23;296(6630):1161-2 <li>Reducing Bicycle Accidents: A Reevaluation of the Impacts of the CPSC Bicycle Standard and Helmet Use Rodgers GB. 1988. Journal of Products Liability: 1988,11:307-317 <li>Children, bicycles and head injuries Reynolds R, Cohen D. 1987. Medical Journal of Australia: Vol 146 p615, 15.6.1987 <li>''Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes? ''Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL. 1987. Accident Analysis and Prevention: 1987 Jun;19(3):183-90 <li>Head injuries to children riding bicycles O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JDN, Stuart GG. 1987. Medical Journal of Australia: Vol 146 p619-621, 15.6.1987 <li>Paediatric trauma: urban epidemiology and an analysis of methods for assessing the severity of trauma in 598 injured children Walker PJ, Cass DT. 1987. Aust NZ J Surg: 1987 Oct;57(10):715-22 [abstract only] <li>Typologies des accidentes du trafic routier a partier de 5459 dossiers Ramet M, Vallet G. 1987. INRET: Rapports INRET/LCB Aug87 p106 [abstract only] <li>Bicycle accidents Lind MG, Wollin S. 1986. Acta Chir Scand Suppl: 1986;531:1-47 [abstract only] <li>Bicycle accidents and injuries among adult cyclists Kiburz D, Jacobs R, Reckling F, Mason J. 1986. Am J Sports Med: 1986 Sep-Oct;14(5):416-9 [abstract only]

<li>Child cyclist injuries: a prospective study Armson CJ, Pollard CW. 1986. Med J Aust: 1986 Feb 3;144(3):144-6 [abstract only] <li>Fatal injuries to bicycle riders in Auckland Sage MD. 1985. NZ Med J: 25 Dec 1985 Vol 98 No 793 [abstract only] <li>''Head injury in road traffic accidents. A prospective Study in Trondelag, Norway, 1979-80 ''Edna TH, Cappelen J.. 1985. Scand J Soc Med: 1985;13(1):23-7 [abstract only] <li>Pedal cycle accidents in Great Britain Downing CS. 1985. Ways to Safer Cycling conference: <li>Trends in helmet usage rates and bicyclist numbers sustaining head injury Healy DJ. 1985. VicRoads: Report 86/6 <li>Bicycle Use and Helmet Wearing Rates in Melbourne, 1987 to 1992: the influence of the helmet wearing law Finch C, Heiman L, Neiger D. . Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 45 [abstract only] <li>Evaluation of the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria During its First 12 Months Cameron M, Heiman L, Neiger D. . Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 32 [abstract only] <li>Helmet laws, number of cyclists and accident rates Robinson DL. . : <li>Leaving nothing to chance . . Evidence:

<li>Review of effectiveness of measures to reduce road injuries Crilly. . Manchester Medical School: <li>School cycling survey . . Transport for London: <li>Teenagers' Attitudes Towards Bicycle Helmets Finch C, Ferla J, Chin G, Maloney P, Abeysiri P. . Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 64 [abstract only] <li>The Protective Peformance of Bicycle Helmets introduced at the same time as the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria Cameron M, Finch C, Vulcan P. . Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 59 <li>The Risks of Bicyclist Accident Involvement Drummond A, Jee F. . Monash University Accident Research Centre: Report 2 [abstract only] <li>The argument for helmets Illingworth C. . BMJ: 1992;305:882-883 <li>Towards safe non-restrictive cycling Leden L. . VTT